6923 cardinal land ln
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Herein, we review the role of oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis and the efficacy of both natural endogenous and synthetic antioxidants (refer to summary Figure 1). Oxidative stress is a prominent pathophysiological mechanism implicated in PD and accordingly, there is significant research into the development of antioxidants as potential disease-modifying therapies. Treatment of PD is primarily centered on the use of levodopa and deep brain stimulation however, these therapeutic approaches produce only symptomatic relief and there is a growing need to develop new approaches to address the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, especially as PD will pose an increasingly significant health concern in Western countries as life expectancy continues to rise. PD arises due to a complex interplay between age, genetic, and environmental factors with the mechanisms underlying the loss of dopaminergic neurons thought to include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, as well as genetic mutations and abnormal handling of misfolded proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems, all leading to a characteristic impairment of physical motor function. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive long-term neurodegenerative disorder in which the primary pathological feature is selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of α-synuclein containing Lewy bodies. Herein, this review reports on the most recent development of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches that have shown positive benefit in cell and animal models of disease with a focus on supplementation with natural product therapies and selected synthetic drugs.
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Overall, the available data suggest that further development and testing of novel therapies are required to identify new potential therapies for combating PD. However, results of studies aiming to inhibit these pathways have shown variable success, and outcomes from large-scale clinical trials are not available or report varying success for the interventions studied. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons seen in PD. Contemporary treatments for PD do not prevent or reverse the extent of neurodegeneration that is characteristic of this disorder and accordingly, there is a strong need to develop new approaches which address the underlying disease process and provide benefit to patients with this debilitating disorder. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that arises due to a complex and variable interplay between elements including age, genetic, and environmental risk factors that manifest as the loss of dopaminergic neurons.